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Biography
Hieronymus Bosch, also Jeroen Bosch, Jerome Bosch,(c. 1450 – August, 1516) was a prolific Dutch painter of the 15th and 16th century. Many of his works depict sin and human moral failings. Bosch used images of demons, half-human animals and machines to evoke fear and confusion to portray the evil of man. The works contain complex, highly original, imaginative, and dense use of symbolic figures and iconography, some of which was obscure even in his own time. He is said to have been an inspiration to the surrealism movement in the 20th century.
His true name was Jheronimus (or Jeroen) van Aken. He signed some of his paintings with Bosch (pronounced as Boss in Dutch), derived from his birthplace 's-Hertogenbosch, a flourishing city in the fifteenth century. In Spanish he is often called El Bosco.
Born to a family of Dutch and German painters, he spent most of his life in 's-Hertogenbosch, a town in the south of today's Netherlands. In 1463, some 4000 houses in the town were destroyed by a catastrophic fire, which the then about 13-year-old Bosch may have witnessed. This might have been a contributing factor in his obsession with Hell. He became a popular painter and even received commissions from abroad. In 1488 he joined the Brotherhood of Our Lady, an arch conservative religious group of some 40 influential citizens of 's-Hertogenbosch and some 7000 'outer-members' from all over Europe. (continued on the bottom)
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He produced several triptychs, works of three paintings on wooden panels that are attached to each other. Among his most famous is The Garden of Earthly Delights. This triptych depicts paradise with Adam and Eve and many wondrous animals on the left panel, the earthly delights with numerous nude figures and tremendous fruit and birds on the middle panel, and hell with depictions of fantastic punishments of the various types of sinners on the right panel. When the exterior panels are closed the viewer can see, painted in grisaille, God creating the earth.
These paintings have a rough surface from the application of paint; this contrasts with the traditional Flemish style of paintings, where the smooth surface attempts to hide the fact that the painting is man-made.
Towards the end of his life, Bosch's style changed and he created paintings with a small number of large figures who appear to almost leave the painting and stand close to the observer. An example is The Crowning with Thorns.
Bosch never dated his paintings and may have signed only some of them (other signatures are certainly not his). All in all, about 25 paintings remain today that are attributed to him. Philip II of Spain bought many of Bosch's paintings after the painter's death; as a result, the Prado Museum in Madrid now owns several of his works, including the Garden of Earthly Delights.
Hieronymus Bosch in Museums (Click on Museum to view image)
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Christ Carrying the Cross, ca.1480-90
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Hieronymus Bosch at the National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
Death and the Miser, ca.1485/90
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
The Temptation of St. Anthony
Hieronymus Bosch at the National Gallery, London, UK
Christ Mocked (The Crowning with Thorns)
Hieronymus Bosch at the Prado Museum, Madrid
The Table of the Seven Deadly Sins
The Garden of Delights, 1504
Hieronymus Bosch at the Prado Museum, Madrid
The hay-cart
Hieronymus Bosch at the Prado Museum, Madrid
The temptation of Sr Anthony
Hieronymus Bosch at the Prado Museum, Madrid
The Table of the Seven Deadly Sins
Hieronymus Bosch at the Prado Museum, Madrid
The Adoration of the Magi
Städel Museum, Frankfurt
Ecce Homo
Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut
Allegory of Intemperance
Akademie der Bildenden Künst, Vienna (in German)
Art Fund for UK Museums
Courtauld Institute of Art, London, UK
2 works by or related to the artist
Harvard University Art Museums Database, Massachusetts
Joconde Database of French Museum Collections (in French)
Lázaro Galdiano Foundation Museum, Madrid (in Spanish)
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Valenciennes, France (in French)
Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia, Spain (in Spanish)
Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels
(detail images may not work with some browsers)
Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium Catalogue (in French)
Calvaire avec donateur
Samuel H. Kress Foundation Collection
San Diego Museum of Art, California
Requires Flash: Click on "Artist Index", then on "B"
Hieronymus Bosch in the Art Renewal Center
Artchive
Artcyclopedia
Masterscan feature: Christ Carrying the Cross
Artonline
CGFA
insecula·com
Rasiel's Wallpapers
WebMuseum
Wikimedia Commons Image Database
Artyst, Peintures du Monde (in French)
Artyzm
Garden of Earthly Delights
Bildindex der Kunst und Architektur (in German)
California State University WorldImages Database
Ciudad de la Pintura (in Spanish)
El Poder de la Palabra (The Power of the Word) (in Spanish)
Humanities Web
Nicola Randone's Grandi Artisti
Olga's Gallery
Artprice
Auction Records for Hieronymus Bosch
Jacques-Edouard Berger Foundation