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Claude Monet [French Impressionist Painter, 1840-1926]
Biography Monet was born on November 14, 1840, in Paris, but he spent most of his childhood in Le Havre. There, in his teens, he studied drawing; he also painted seascapes outside with the French painter Eugene Louis Boudin. By 1859 Monet had committed himself to a career as an artist and began to spend as much time in Paris as possible. During the 1860s he was associated with the preimpressionist painter Edouard Manet, and with other aspiring French painters destined to form the impressionist school—Camille Pissarro, Pierre Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley. Working outside, Monet painted simple landscapes and scenes of contemporary middle-class society, and he began to have some success at official exhibitions. As his style developed, however, Monet violated one traditional artistic convention after another in the interest of direct artistic expression. His experiments in rendering outdoor sunlight with a direct, sketchlike application of bright color became more and more daring, and he seemed to cut himself off from the possibility of a successful career as a conventional painter supported by the art establishment. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Monet took refuge in England to avoid the conflict. While there he studied the works of John Constable and J. M. W. Turner, both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet's innovations in the study of color. (continued on the bottom) PLEASE CLICK ON TITLE FOR PRICING INFORMATION |
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From 1871 to 1878 Monet lived at Argenteuil, a village on the Seine near Paris, and here were painted some of his best known works. Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) (1872/1873).Upon returning to France, in 1872 (or 1873) he painted Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) depicting a Le Havre landscape. It hung in the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and is now displayed in the Musée Marmottan-Monet, Paris. From the painting's title, art critic Louis Leroy coined the term "Impressionism", which he intended to be derogatory. In 1870, Monet and Doncieux married and in 1873 moved into a house in Argenteuil near the Seine River. They had another son, Michel, on March 17, 1878. Madame Monet died of tuberculosis in 1879. Alice Hoschedé decided to help Monet by bringing up his two children together with her own. They lived in Poissy. In April 1883 they moved to a house in Giverny, Eure, in Haute-Normandie, where he planted a large garden which he painted for the rest of his life. Monet and Hoschedé married in 1892. In the 1880s and 1890s, Monet began "series" painting: paintings of one subject in varying light and viewpoints. His first series is of Rouen Cathedral from different points of view and at different times of the day. Twenty views of the cathedral were exhibited at the Durand-Ruel in 1895. He also made a series of paintings of haystacks at different times of day. Water Lily Pond (Le bassin aux Nympheas) (1889) Monet was exceptionally fond of painting controlled nature: his own garden in Giverny, with its water lilies, pond and bridge. He also painted up and down the banks of the Seine. Between 1883 and 1908, Monet travelled to the Mediterranean and painted many landscapes and seascapes such as Bordighera. Landmarks were another subject for Monet in the Mediterranean. His wife Alice died in 1911 and his son Jean died in 1914. Cataracts formed on his eyes for which he underwent two surgeries in 1923. It is interesting to note that the paintings done while the cataracts affected his vision have a general reddish tone, which is a characteristic of the vision of cataract victims. It may also be that after his surgery, he was now able to see certain ultraviolet wavelengths of light that are normally excluded by the lens of the eye [1]; this may have had an effect on the colors he perceived. After his operations he even repainted some of these paintings. Monet died December 5, 1926 at the age of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery. His famous home and garden with its waterlily pond and bridge at Giverny are a popular drawcard for tourists. In the house there are many examples of Japanese woodcut prints on the walls.
Claude Monet in Museums and Web Sites (Click on Link to view image) Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Fitzwilliam Museum at the University of Cambridge, UK Guggenheim Museum, New York City Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Claude Monet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City Claude Monet at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas Museum of Fine Arts, Boston NEW! Museum of Fine Arts, Boston NEW! Museum of Modern Art, New York City National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh Claude Monet at the National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa Claude Monet at the National Gallery, London, UK North Carolina Museum of Art Claude Monet at the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Städel Museum, Frankfurt Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York Allen Art Museum at Oberlin College, Ohio Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia NEW! Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, New York Art Institute of Chicago Beyeler Foundation Collection, Switzerland Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York City Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. Dayton Art Institute, Ohio Dixon Gallery and Gardens, Tennessee Fondation Bemberg Museum, Toulouse, France Frick Collection, New York City Gemeentemuseum, The Hague Harvard University Art Museums Database, Massachusetts High Museum of Art, Georgia Joslyn Art Museum, Nebraska Joslyn Art Museum, Nebraska Kawamura Memorial Museum of Art, Japan Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas Claude Monet in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Database Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin Musée d'Orsay, Paris Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam Museum of Fine Arts, St. Petersburg, Florida Museum of Modern Art, New York City - Provenance Research Project National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo National Museums Liverpool, UK Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Missouri Oskar Reinhart Collection, Switzerland Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow Santa Barbara Museum of Art, California Claude Monet at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art, Washington D.C. Stedelijk Museum of Modern Art, Amsterdam Tate Gallery, London, UK The Barnes Foundation, Pennsylvania The Walters Art Museum, Maryland Von der Heydt-Museum, Wuppertal, Germany (in German) Yamagata Museum of Art, Japan Artcyclopedia The Athenaeum Ciudad de la Pintura (in Spanish) El Poder de la Palabra (The Power of the Word) (in Spanish)
In 1874 Monet and his colleagues decided to appeal directly to the public by organizing their own exhibition. They called themselves independents, but the press soon derisively labeled them impressionists because their work seemed sketchy and unfinished (like a first impression) and because one of Monet's paintings had borne the title Impression: Sunrise (1872, Musée Marmottan, Paris). Monet's compositions from this time are extremely loosely structured, and the color was applied in strong, distinct strokes as if no reworking of the pigment had been attempted. This technique was calculated to suggest that the artist had indeed captured a spontaneous impression of nature. During the 1870s and 1880s Monet gradually refined this technique, and he made many trips to scenic areas of France, especially the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts, to study the most brilliant effects of light and color possible. By the mid-1880s Monet, generally regarded as the leader of the impressionist school, had achieved significant recognition and financial security. Despite the boldness of his color and the extreme simplicity of his compositions, he was recognized as a master of meticulous observation, an artist who sacrificed neither the true complexities of nature nor the intensity of his own feelings. In 1890 he was able to purchase some property in the village of Giverny, not far from Paris, and there he began to construct a water garden (now open to the public)—a lily pond arched with a Japanese bridge and overhung with willows and clumps of bamboo. Beginning in 1906, paintings of the pond and the water lilies occupied him for the remainder of his life; they hang in the Orangerie, Paris; the Art Institute of Chicago; and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Throughout these years he also worked on his other celebrated “series” paintings, groups of works representing the same subject—haystacks, poplars, Rouen Cathedral, the river Seine—seen in varying light, at different times of the day or seasons of the year. Despite failing eyesight, Monet continued to paint almost up to the time of his death, on December 5, 1926, at Giverny.
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